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Women are taught early in life to be wary of what they eat and
to fear getting fat. Trusting one's body often evokes tremendous
fear for most women. The areas of dieting and obesity are quite
complex, touching upon physiological, psychological and social issues.
Prejudice, discrimination, contempt, stigmatization and rejection
are not only sadistic, fascist and intensely painful for fat people.
These things have a serious effect on physical, mental and emotional
health; an effect which is real, and must not be trivialized
(Bovey, 1994).
Here we will try to recruit all news concerning fatness and health
in all above mentioned fields.
When High-Fat May Be Better Than Low
A high-fat diet may be better for you than cutting back on overall
fat intake, if it's the right kind of fat.
That's the early read of ongoing research, as published in
the Annals of Internal Medicine, according to The Early Show medical
correspondent Dr. Emily Senay.
She explained to co-anchor Hannah Storm Friday that the study
is comparing people who've made an effort to reduce their total
fat intake with people eating so-called Mediterranean diets. They
include large quantities of olive oil and nuts that grow on trees,
such as walnuts, hazelnuts and almonds.
The full study will last for four more years. But, Senay says,
the early indications are that adding certain fats through a Mediterranean-style
diet is more beneficial that cutting fats across the board.
The researchers are seeing strong indications that Mediterranean
diets can lower blood pressure in people with hypertension. A
low-fat diet's beneficial effect on blood pressure appears to
be far more limited. Study participants eating Mediterranean diets
have seen their HDL, or "good cholesterol" rise, while
their LDL, or "bad cholesterol" has fallen. At least
in this study, limiting overall dietary fat hasn't significantly
affected cholesterol numbers. Also, indicators of potentially
harmful inflammation within the body have been lower in the Mediterranean
diet group.
What makes the fats in the Mediterranean diet different from the
ones we're always being warned to avoid? The fats in olive oil,
a staple of Mediterranean foods, are mono-unsaturated, Senay says.
While they are fats, their chemical structure is very different
from that of the saturated fats in foods such as meat and dairy,
and certain vegetable products, like coconut oil or palm oil.
While there's a clear link between saturated fats and increased
heart risk, the evidence continues to indicate that the fat in
olive oil decreases heart risk. Keep in mind that virgin olive
oil was found to be more beneficial than so-called "refined"
olive oil, whose acidity level is higher. Also, fat compounds
appear in the tree nuts in the form of beneficial fatty acids.
Another encouraging sign? More fat in the diet generally means
higher calorie intake, which in turn can lead a person to put
on weight. But, says Senay, at least in these preliminary results,
it appears that adding the fats in olive oil and tree nuts doesn't
induce weight gain.
High Body Mass Index at Age 18 Linked to Lower Risk for Breast
Cancer CME/CE
High body mass index (BMI) at age 18 years is
linked to lower risk for breast cancer in premenopausal women,
according to the results of a longitudinal study reported in the
November 27, 2006 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine .A
high body mass index (BMI) has been related to a reduced risk
of breast cancer in premenopausal women," write Karin B.
Michels, ScD,
PhD, of Harvard Medical School in Boston, assachusetts, and colleagues.
"A high BMI can be associated with irregular or long menstrual
cycles or with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and it has been
suggested that anovulation, which is associated with such
characteristics and with decreased estradiol and progesterone
levels, may explain the lower risk of breast cancer in these women.
However, few studies have explored whether these or other factors
provide mechanistic insights into the unexpected protection that
a high body mass confers on the premenopausal breast."
The investigators determined whether factors affecting ovulation
could explain the inverse association between BMI and breast cancer
in 113,130 premenopausal women enrolled in the Nurses' Health
Study
II (NHS II).
Most of the studies that have looked at the relationship between
body weight (or body fat) and atherosclerosis--via coronary angiography
or by direct examination of artery disease at autopsy--find that
fat people are no more likely to have clogged arteries
than thin people (4, 11, 27). In some instances results
entirely opposite to conventional wisdom are observed. For example,
when researchers at the University of Tennessee (4) evaluated
coronary angiograms of more than 4,500 men and women, they found
that the risk of having a clogged artery actually decreased as
body weight increased. In other words, it was the fat men and
women who had the cleanest arteries. Although this finding is
exceptional, the preponderance of angiography studies of this
nature do undermine the notion that obesity inevitably results
in clogged arteries. (4. Applegate WB, Hughes JP, Zwagg RV. Case-control
study of coronary heart disease risk factors in the elderly. J
Clin Epidemiol, 44: 409-415, 1991.
11. Barrett-Connor EL. Obesity, atherosclerosis, and coronary
artery disease. Ann Int Med, 103: 1010-1019, 1985.
27. McGill HC, et al. General findings of the International Atherosclerosis
Project. Lab Invest, 18: 498-502, 1968.)
False notion that thin people are healthiest and can expect
to live longer than everybody else. Contrary to the prevailing
medical mind-set, the “thin-live-longest” studies frequently
cited by the more vocal of the anti-fat crusaders (26) are far
outnumbered by studies demonstrating that body weight--aside from
the extremes--is not really all that strong a predictor of death
rates, or overall health for that matter (10, 11, 15, 29, 37,
38, 41). A 1996 publication by researchers at the National Center
for Health Statistics and Cornell University illustrates perfectly
(41). After analyzing the results from dozens of published reports
on the impact of body weight on death rates, encompassing more
than 350,000 men and nearly 250,000 women, the researchers found
that moderate obesity (no more than about 50 pounds in excess
of the so-called ideal body weight) increased the risk of premature
death only slightly in men, and not at all in women, during follow-up
periods lasting up to 30 years. In fact, the researchers found
that thin men--even within the range recommended by the current
U.S. government guidelines--had a risk of premature death equal
to that of men who were extremely overweight. The researchers
warned in their summary comments that “attention to the health
risks of underweight is needed, and body weight recommendations
for optimum longevity need to be considered in light of these
risks.”
(10. Barlow CE, Kohl III HW, Gibbons LW, Blair
SN. Physical fitness, mortality and obesity. Int J Obesity, 19
(Suppl 4): S41-S44, 1995.
11. Barrett-Connor EL. Obesity, atherosclerosis, and coronary
artery disease. Ann Int Med, 103: 1010-1019, 1985
15.Carmelli, D, J Halpern, GE Swan, A Dame, M McElroy, AB Gelb,
and RH Rosenman. 27-year mortality in the Western Collaborative
Group Study: Construction of risk groups by recursive partitioning.
J Clin Epidemiol 44: 1341-1351, 1991.
26. Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. Body weight and
mortality among women. N Engl J Med 1995, 333: 677-685.
37. Rissanen, A, M Heliovaara, P Knekt, A Aromaa, and A Reunanen.
Overweight and mortality in Finnish men. In: Obesity in Europe
88 (P Bjorntorp and S Rossner, editors). Paris: John Libbey. 1989,
pp. 61-68.
38. Rissanen A, Knekt P, Heliovaara M, et al. Weight and mortality
in Finnish women. J Clin Epidemiol, 44: 787-795, 1991. 41. Troiano RP, Frongillo, Jr EA, Sobal J, Levitsky
DA. The relationship between body weight and mortality: A quantitative
analysis of combined information from existing studies. Int J
Obesity, 20: 63-75, 1996.)
Be happy, get happier is one of the best
ways to improve our health and prevent of many illness.
Pregnancy and fatness
A higher body weight also seems to correlate with less complications
during pregnancy.
The extra weight again seems to be protective in some yet-undefined
way. Certainly, it is linked with less risk of low birth weight,
stillbirth, and premature birth among other things.
Eating well and nutritiously, without regard to weight at
all, is the best plan for pregnancy.
Be sure to find a size-friendly provider to help you look
honestly but without judgment. Look seriously at your:
nutritional habits
recent weight stability
blood sugar levels
thyroid function
exercise habits
blood pressure. .
Also, your metabolism may be in 'starvation' mode, slowed
down in order to conserve its fat. If you consider the fact
that one of the body's jobs during pregnancy is to accumulate
extra fat stores for the energy requirements of labor, delivery
and breastfeeding, and then add in a body which may already
be in metabolic "starvation/store" mode, you can
end up with excessive weight gains in pregnancy. Indeed, these
are common in women who are chronic dieters or who have recently
lost a great deal of weight.
Never diet during pregnancy either. Excellent nutrition
is CRITICAL to a healthy pregnancy.
Be sure to get enough protein and calcium/magnesium in pregnancy.
Be sure to get enough calories in pregnancy; do NOT restrict
calories to try and limit weight gain.
Be sure to get enough B vitamins (especially folic acid)
both before and during pregnancy.
Don't let pregnancy nausea derail your nutrition.
Eat smaller but more frequent meals, and be careful of carbohydrate
consumption.
Many women think they have to have rock-hard abs in order
to push out that baby. Actually, although abdominal strength
can help, it is not necessary to push out a baby. There have
been cases of women who were paralyzed or in a coma and unable
to physically do the usual 'pushing' routine seen on TV, yet
still had their babies vaginally. The uterus is a very strong
muscle all on its own, and it does not need any other muscle
to push out a baby.
Published by Clinical Psychology Review in 1991, David Garner,
Ph.D. and Susan Wooley, Ph.D. concluded: "Evidence that
it is more dangerous to be thin than fat is either ignored or
minimized in analyses that shape public policy toward weight loss."
Laura Fraser points out in her book Losing It: False Hopes and
Fat Profits in the Diet Industry, "Diet and pharmaceutical
companies influence every step along the way of the scientific
process. They pay for the ads that keep obesity journals publishing.
They underwrite medical conferences, flying physicians around
the country expense-free and paying them large lecture fees to
attend."
Fraser writes that when she asked one obesity researcher, who
has criticized dieting as ineffective and psychologically damaging,
to comment on the policies of one commercial weight-loss program,
he replied, "What can I say? I'm a consultant for them."
In this section, we'll keep you up to date on
how the media affects/directs popular body image
diet product warnings
general statistics on obesity
The justification for the war on obesity, used by most government
officials, healthcare providers, diet industry representatives
and special interest groups today, is that "obesity causes
300,000 deaths a year." That figure's been repeated so
often it's taken as fact. But, its origins are a classic case
of bad science run amuck.
A Lexis database search reveals that this "fact" has
been repeated in more than one thousand news stories over the
past three years alone, and once a supposed fact has become part
of that wisdom, it becomes almost impossible to dislodge it.the
authors of the study, Michael McGinnis and William Foege, became
so frustrated by the chronic incorrect citation of their data
that in 1998 they published a letter in the New England Journal
of Medicine objecting to the misuse of their study. A year later
the New England Journal published an article that actually did
assert that obesity causes approximately 300,000 deaths annually.
This article, "Annual Deaths Attributable to Obesity in the
United States," is a classic example of junk science at its
worst. the authors employed the following assumption: "Our
calculations assume that all excess mortality in obese people
is due to their [obesity]" (emphasis added). As Mr. Gaesser
points out, "the authors made no attempt to determine whether
other factors — such as physical inactivity, low fitness
levels, poor diet, risky weight loss practices, and less than
adequate access to health care, just to name a few — could
have explained some, or all, of the excess mortality in fat people."
It all started with a Nov. 10, 1993, study by Michael McGinnis,
M.D., and William Foege, M.D., in the Journal of the American
Medical Association (JAMA). They had done a Medline database
search of articles published between 1977 and 1993 in which
estimates were made of factors contributing to U.S. deaths.
After tobacco, they attributed 300,000 deaths to lifestyle factors:
sedentary activity levels and poor diets.
Those factors, as we've seen, don't equal obesity. In fact,
Drs. McGinnis and Foege didn't even evaluate weight as a risk
factor. They also ignored other factors such as dieting and
diet drug use. "Nor were variables such as class -- poor
people die sooner than the well-off -- and social discrimination,
which has been shown to have a very negative impact on health,
taken into account," Campos noted.
The researchers' numbers weren't from counting actual deaths,
but calculated using a formula for "attributable risk."
They even stated in their study that, because the articles they
reviewed used different approaches to derive estimates, their
numbers "should be viewed as first approximations."
But, subsequent researchers have taken that 300,000 figure
as a foregone conclusion and it's appeared in hundreds of studies
since. Even worse, Drs. McGinnis' and Foege's "lifestyle
factors" -- being sedentary and eating poor diets -- have
been misinterpreted as "obesity."
(http://www.techcentralstation.com/1051/techwrapper.jsp?PID=1051-250&CID=1051-073003C)
Most of the studies that have looked at the relationship between
body weight (or body fat) and atherosclerosis--via coronary angiography
or by direct examination of artery disease at autopsy--find that
fat people are no more likely to have clogged arteries than thin
people (4, 11, 27). (Applegate WB, Hughes JP, Zwagg RV. Case-control
study of coronary heart disease risk factors in the elderly. J
Clin Epidemiol, 44: 409-415, 1991)
Researchers found that thin men--even within the range
recommended by the current U.S. government guidelines--had
a risk of premature death equal to that of men who were extremely
overweight. ( Andres, R, DC Muller and JD Sorking. Long-term
effects of cjange in body weight on all-cause mortality: A review.
Ann Int med 119: 737-743,1993)
Blood pressures can be effectively lowered by simple changes
in diet, without losing weight. (Appel, LJ, TJ Moore, E Obarzanek, et al. A
clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure.
N Engl J Med 336: 1117-1124, 1997)
It’s fat in the diet--and not fat on the body--that
is the primary cause of blood lipid abnormalities, such as high
cholesterol. All this evidence suggests that as far as one’s
health is concerned, lifestyle is far more important than body
weight. (Investigadores del National public Health Institute in Helsinki)
Despite all this evidence suggesting that lifestyle is far
more important than body weight in terms of health, and that
it might be more prudent to focus on getting people fit and healthy
rather than trying to make them thin, the weight loss industry
still barrels along like a runaway freight train. Aside from the
cultural obsession with slimness, health professionals have done
much to sanctify this quest for a lean body--primarily by fueling
a medical rationale for fat phobia: Obesity is a major killer.
The most blatant--but unjustified--example of this scare tactic
is the widely publicized claim that obesity kills 300,000 Americans
every year. Former U.S. surgeon general C. Everett Koop asserted
as much when he launched his Shape Up America! campaign in 1994.
Since then, this figure has taken on a life of its own, appearing
in scientific and medical journals (1) and mentioned repeatedly
in the media--each time reminding us of the “fact” that
obesity is the second leading cause of preventable death in America.
Most of the epidemiological studies on weight loss alone show
that weight loss increases risk for premature death, primarily
from heart disease (2, 12, 20, 25, 34). This obviously represents
a paradox, because weight loss is thought to improve cardiovascular
disease risk factors. But this is not always the case.
One of the most popular weight reducing strategies of the past
35 years, the low-carbohydrate diet, actually raises cholesterol
levels (especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and reduces
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (the heart-healthy kind)
despite weight loss (24, 36). This suggests that going on a low-carbohydrate
diet may actually increase risk of atherosclerosis. (Blair, SN, J Shaten, K Brownell, G Gollins,
and L Lissner. Body weight change, all cause mortality, and cause-specific
mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Ann
Int Med 119: 749-757. 1993)
Is obesity, they ask, a symptom or a disease? Some strongly
suspect it is a symptom. And losing weight, they say, may be suppressing
the symptom but doing little or nothing for the underlying illness,
just as taking aspirin for a fever may do nothing for the sickness
that had fever as a symptom. Moreover, obesity experts add, not
every person with the symptom of obesity necessarily has a disease
that can increase that person's chances of an early death.
It has been hypothesized that it is not the weight that
causes the physical health symptoms found in the obese. Ciliska (1993a)
and Bovey (1994) suggest the physical risks manifested in the obese
are a result of the stress, isolation and prejudice that are experienced
from living in a fat-phobic society.
Dr. Jules Hirsch, an obesity researcher at Rockefeller University,
provided evidence from studies by others that followed thousands
of people for years, keeping track of who lost weight, who kept
it off, who became ill and who died. Repeatedly, investigators
reported that fat people who lost weight and kept it off had more
heart disease and a higher death rate than people whose weight
never changed.
"University of Virginia professor Glenn Gaesser has estimated
that three-quarters of all medical studies on the effects
of weight on health between 1945 and 1995 concluded either that
"excess" weight had no effect on health
or that it was actually beneficial. "As of 2002," Gaesser
points out in his book Big Fat Lies, "there has not been
a single study that has truly evaluated the effects of weight
alone on health, which means that 'thinner is healthier' is not
a fact but an unsubstantiated hypothesis for which there is a
wealth of evidence that suggests the reverse."
A major American Cancer Society study published in 1995 concluded
in no uncertain terms that healthy "overweight" and
"obese" women were better off if they didn't lose weight.
In this study, healthy women who intentionally lost weight over
a period of a year or longer suffered an all-cause increased risk
of premature mortality that was up to 70 percent higher than that
of healthy women who didn't intentionally lose weight."
The health risks of obesity are usually well known to the general
public. The public is often less well informed about the health
risks of dieting and other weight loss strategies such as liposuction
or gastroplasty. Dieters have been known to experience a wide
variety of health complications including cardiac disorders, gallbladder
damage, and death (Berg, 1993). Diet-induced obesity has been
considered a direct result of weight cycling due to the body regaining
more and more weight after each diet attempt such that there is
a resultant net gain (Ciliska, 1990). Therefore, the physical
risks of obesity may be attributed to the repetitive pattern of
dieting that created the obesity through a gradual net gain of
weight after each diet attempt. It is believed that the physical
health risk in people who repeatedly go through weight losses
followed by weight gains is likely greater than if they were to
stay the same weight "above" ideal (Ciliska, 1993b)
.
Jack Wilmore, Ph.D., of Texas A&M University, writing for
President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, stated that
"physical activity has only a limited influence on changing
body composition." Even vigorous exercise results in unsubstantial
reductions in weight. Many researchers, including Dr. Paul. J.
Pacy at the Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biological
Sciences, University of Surrey, UK, have concluded that "exercise
alone appears largely ineffectual regarding weight loss."
Studies published in peer-reviewed journals from researchers including
R.J. Tuschl, Reinhold G. Laessle and Jane Wardle, have found that
women who watch what they eat and are light eaters, or who have
dieted, actually weigh more than those who don't restrict the
foods they eat -- even though they're eating about 620 calories
less a day!.
(http://www.techcentralstation.com/1051/techwrapper.jsp?PID=1051-250&CID=1051-071403A)
Hospitals and other health care facilities and equipment (such
as cat scans and MRIs) are often inaccessible to large people.
It is very difficult to find accurate, unbiased health information
for fat women. Sometimes, it seems that every medical problem
we have is linked to our weight, especially by fat-phobic doctors.
We need accurate information about what we are and are not at
risk for because of our weight, what alternatives to losing weight
we have for treating certain conditions, how to exercise well
and eat right without worrying about how much fat we are burning
or how many calories we are consuming.
Osteoporosis. It seems that fat women's bones become
denser and stronger from a lifetime of carrying notable weight.
"Weight-loss advertising is riddled with false or misleading
claims that prey on millions of overweight people seeking help
to shed pounds, the Federal Trade Commission reported today.
The FTC found that 55 percent of weight-loss ads make claims
that lack proof or very likely are false.
Dr. Hirsch said that, in the meantime, he wished the message
could get out that truly fat people really are different from
people of normal weight. "There is some sort of extraordinary
genetic and environmental mix that has programmed people to be
set for greater fat storage
Only two conditions have been proven to be directly caused
by obesity, points out Paul Ernsberger, Ph.D., of Case Western
Reserve School of Medicine:
Osteoarthritis of weight-bearing joints
Uterine cancer due to obese women's higher estrogen
levels and absence of proper medical attention
El ejercicio físico no está proporcionado a la
pérdida de peso ( no así a la mejora de la salud)
consiguiente, incluso con ejercicio severo. (Jack Willmore, Ph. D. of Texas A&M University writing
for President Council on Physical Fitness and Spors)
In a country renowned for its sexy supermodels and revealing
beachwear, up to 90% of Brazilian women who smoke may be afraid
of giving up the habit in case they put on weight, according to
a medical study released this week. The study, by the Sao Paulo
Heart Hospital, showed many women choose to smoke to suppress
their appetite. .
Obesity can no longer be classifyed as a disease because it
actually has benefits for the human body (Erdman Nothing To Lose
16). Fat people have fewer overall fatalities from infectious
diseases. Fat people are less likely to:
Experience premature menopause.
Give premature birth. .
Fewer instances of some types of cancer, including lung,
stomach, and colon.
Fewer reported cases of chronic bronchitis
Fewer reported Tuberculosis
Fewer reported Anemia
Fewer reported diabetes type I
Fewer reported osteoporosis
Fewer reported peptic ulcers
Fewer reported scoliosis
Fewer reported urinary tract infections
Fracturas de cadera. Exactamente 2.5 veces menos incidencia
que las de peso "normal" y recordemos que la rotura
de cadera es una de las causas mayores de muerte e incapacidades
permanente entre las personas mayores.
Fracturas de vértebras.
(http://www.angelfire.com/pa/fatpositive/biblio.html)
Eighty percent of women and 20 percent of men at the
University of North Carolina reported actually being terrified
of being overweight, according to Laura Hartung, M.A., R.D.,
in a 1997 Journal of the American Dietetic Association.
Another condition that carrying more body weight seems to reduce
is the effects of having low blood sugar. (However, hypoglycemia,
medically-defined low blood sugar, is often considered a precursor
of diabetes, which is supposed to be linked to being "overweight."
Here I'm referring more to the symptoms accompanying non-medically-diagnosable
blood low blood sugar, which is why I'm not using the medical
term.) Many women who suffer from low blood sugar notice that
when they eat sugary foods on an empty stomach, they get a burst
of energy, followed by spells of dizziness. (What's happening
is that the body's blood sugar peaks, and then drops significantly,
causing the dizzy spells.) .
Myth : All fat people are going to eventually develop diabetes
.Diabetes is a disease that affects the way that the body produces
and recognizes insulin, which is a hormone that helps to convert
sugar, starches, and other foods into energy. The definitive cause
of diabetes is unknown. There are two types of diabetes, type
I and type II. People who have diabetes type I do not produce
any insulin at all, and they need to have daily injections of
insulin in order to survive. Type I accounts for only 5-10% of
all cases. People who have diabetes type II have a metabolic disorder;
either their bodies do not produce enough insulin or it does not
use the insulin it produces correctly. (American Diabetes Association)
An unhealthy lifestyle can contribute to a higher risk for developing
diabetes type II, but being fat is not necessarily a part of that
lifestyle. Remember, fat can be fit. ("Fat FAQs: How much
do you really know?") Often diabetes type II can be controlled
by better nutrition and more exercise alone (American Diabetes
Association). Regular activity helps the body's muscles to use
glucose more efficiently which would counteract the effects of
diabetes ("Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Health
and Fat People").
There are some health conditions that seem to correlate with
being fat, such as gallstones, diabetes, and joint problems. That
correlation does not equal causation; being fat does not necessarily
contribute to these conditions, they are merely associated with
each other. Also keep in mind that most health conditions supposedly
associated with being fat are actually most likely linked with
on-again off-again dieting. Almost all research done in this country
relating fatness and health problems are actually done on chronic
dieters.
Medical Disrespect . Fear to go to the health care professional
when we have a pain or just to have our body checked to prevent
future diseases make us avoid to go, leading us to bad prevent
health care, which get fat patiens to be predispose to be get
ill easier, not because of their fatness, but for fear to go to
the doctor.
Positive Approaches When Caring for Plus-Size Patients:
Send positive messages. Disapproval — even in body
language — can be devastating to large-size people who
live with ridicule and discrimination
Don’t assume that larger people overeat, don’t
exercise, or that their medical condition is caused by their
weight. Genetic factors, disability, appetite, or inability
to exercise all add to the obesity puzzle.
Avoid stereotyping. Fat people are not lazy, dirty, weak-willed,
or jolly. Stereotyping is another form of prejudice.
Outfit your facility with equipment and supplies that will
serve people of all sizes. Turn remarks like, “You won’t
fit in any of our gowns,” into the more positive, “I’ll
do my best to get you a larger gown for your next visit.
Make your facility a save haven. Treat patients politely
and with respect.
We suggest you to check out the fat friendly doctor list
According to a recent online survey on a website, 82% of nurses
who responded said that they think healthcare professionals are
biased against obese patients.
Obesity does not make a person's blood pressure higher. Summed
up, if you're gonna get high blood pressure, you're gonna get
it whether you're fat or not. In fact, when comparing a fat person
to a thin person when both of them already have high blood pressure,
the thin person is more likely to have a stroke or heart attack.
It is also important to know that a higher blood pressure reading
will register if the cuff you are wearing is too small for your
arm. You can ask your doctor for a blood pressure cuff that is
larger than the conventional size.
(http://www.angelfire.com/pa/fatpositive/biblio.html)
Some studies show that heart problems are more prevalent in
fat people.
This is connected to the fact that high blood pressure is more
prevalent.
There are studies (trying to find references for these) that look
at the
risk factors for heart problems that find no relation to weight,
after controlling for the effect of smoking, cholesterol levels
and
blood pressure.
References mentioned in the reference section have mixed results.
[Wil+] finds no link between BMI and heart disease.
[Man+] reports that obesity and weight gain is associated
with an increased incidence in coronary heart disease.
There also are studies indicating that cardiovascular risk
factors decline
with weight loss (eg [Blo+]) and increase with weight gain (eg
[AK]),
Large peope can be fat and health, besides of get a happy lives.
Why do not begin to change your mind, trying not to fight against
yourself. Enemy are there outside, not into your body.
Become you a fat friendly person, we all will be glad for that,
be sure.
Metabolic rates are determined by genetic inheritance and have
often been discussed in relation to obesity
Enlarge
